Educational Psychology study Essay

The study was done by Penny Clunies-Ross, Emma Little and Mandy Kienhuis, (2008). It is titled ‘Self-reported and actual use of proactive and reactive classroom management strategies and their relationship with teacher stress and student behavior’. The study was done with primary school teachers in Australia and examined the teachers’ self-report on the behavior management strategies that they use in the classroom and how these affect their stress level and the students’ behavior. The literature reviewed for this study discussed research done in four areas which were used as the theoretical base for the study. One is the level of disruptive behavior in schools. The second is the teacher stress and its causes. Third is the relationship between the two. And fourth is the type of classroom strategies that teachers use which are categorized as proactive and reactive. The proactive strategies have been described as a more positive approach that is preventive. The reactive strategies are more negative and remedial. The proactive strategies have been found to be more effective. This study therefore aims to â€Å"investigate the relationship between primary school teachers’ self-reported and actual use of management strategies, and to identify how the use of proactive and reactive strategies is related to teacher stress and student behavior†. The hypothesis was that using reactive strategies would result in higher levels of teacher stress and lower on-task behavior of the students. Also that using proactive strategies would result in lower levels of teacher stress and higher on-task behavior of the students. The sample was obtained by contacting principals of the schools. First convenience sampling was used, and then random phone calls to ensure that five schools from each district in Melbourne were included in the study. Data was collected by questionnaires to all teachers and observations of those who volunteered to participate. The data was collected and analyzed by SPSS. In general the results showed that hypothesis one was supported while hypothesis two was not supported. The study was generally well done. The literature review was comprehensive and discussed a wide range of studies from as early as 1986 to 2003, showing the range of research on the topic over the period of time. It was also well organized into sections. The sampling technique was straightforward. Persisting until each district was represented by five schools was good. However the final sample was ninety seven participants from twenty one schools. This means an average of less than five teachers from each school. It may have been better to have surveyed fewer schools but more teachers from each school. The culture of the school often affects teacher stress so that the small number of teachers from a large number of schools may not be reflective of the levels and causes of stress in any one of the schools. The effect of the classroom management strategies used in one school may not completely relate to the teacher stress at that school. The results were analyzed as one sample, rather than analysis by school. Therefore there is no examination of whether the difference in school culture, (if in fact any differences exist) affected the study. However, the study did an analysis of the multivariate effects of gender, level of qualifications and years of teaching experience and found that they were not predictors of teacher stress. These are important variables to include as possible effectors of teacher stress. The study presented a lot of detail on the sample and the materials. However there should have been more detail on the procedure- how exactly were the observations set up and carried out. The report only says â€Å"After the 30-minute observation had been conducted in the teacher’s classroom, observation and questionnaire data were matched using the four-digit code†. The analysis of data was another section that was well presented. This section was again well organized into sub- sections which made reading and following the results much easier. All the data were represented by well-laid out and well- labeled tables which were easy to read. This structure was repeated even in the discussion so that the reader was able to follow the analysis of the results and the discussion for each research question or issue. That was in fact one of the key aspects that made this study encouraging to read- that the subsections were repeated in each part of the study- literature review, data analysis and discussion. An important aspect of this study was the use of both questionnaires (self-report) for teacher behavior and observations. It was significant to educational research on the whole to examine the relationship between the two, since generally self-reports alone cannot be relied upon for accurate measures of behavior. The significant positive correlation between the teachers’ reported use of strategies, both proactive and reactive, and what the researchers observed helps to make self-reports a more reliable tool in educational research. The study ends with two important sections- methodological limitations and suggestions for further research. Discussions in these two sections show the researchers’ awareness of the limitations of the study despite the fact that it is a good piece of research and it helps the reader to understand why certain things were not done in a particular way. One example is this study is the mention that the sampling though it seemed random in fact was not completely random as the teachers who volunteered for the study may be teachers who are not particularly stressed, or that the stressed teachers may not have been so willing to participate. Secondly the number of teachers volunteering to be observed was quite small. The study does not mention the actual number. A section that I would have liked to see included in this study was one on ethical considerations. In general the study was a useful one, well conducted and reported. It investigated the effect of proactive and reactive strategies as classroom management techniques on teachers’ stress levels. The study did in fact find that the use of proactive strategies had less effect on teachers’ stress. This would be the most important benefit to teachers to help them to keep the stress of teaching to a minimum. They could be encouraged by these results to focus on implementing activities in the classroom that would prevent classroom disruptions, rather than having to use their attention and energy intervening in classroom disruptions and losing teaching time. The study also looked at the effect of these strategies on students’ on-task behavior, and again found that the proactive strategies fostered more on-task behavior. This is also useful to the teachers to keep students focused on their work and lessen the disruptions in the classroom. Reference Clunies-Ross, P. , Little, E. and Kienhuis, M. (2008) Self-reported and actual use of proactive and reactive classroom management strategies and their relationship with teacher stress and student behavior, Educational Psychology, 28:6,693 — 710

Assessment criteria in the standards Essay

1. Define person-centred values (1.1.1) Person-centred values include: Treating people as individuals for example give the resident choice what they want to wear, to eat, where they want to be, if they want go shopping. Taking account choices, wishes and desires. Supporting people to access their rights by giving them information about choices that they have, and helping them to understand. Supporting people to exercise choice in every day live activity Treating people with dignity and respect in there decisions by involving as few staff member as possible during the personal hygiene, closing the doors and curtains, knocking on the door. Recognising that working with people is a partnership rather than a relationship controlled by professionals 2. Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values (1.1.2) see more:explain factors that contribute to the wellbeing of an individual It is important to work in these ways, to meet the needs of the individual to improve self esteem and confidence. To provide the best possible quality care service by treating people as individual and respecting there choices. To ensure a good quality of life of the individual so they can feel like in there own homes, and take part or not in a activity, treat the individual as you would want to be treated 3. Describe how to find out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual (2.2.1) Sources of information to find out the wishes and needs of an individual include asking: – the individual – family – friends – other carers – other professionals i.e. GP, social worker, nurse – referring to documents i.e. care plans, reports and other records. 4. Describe how to take into account the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual when planning care and support (2.2.2) When planning care and support we must appeal to documents i.e. care plans, reports and other records, involve person asking them, for example giving them choices about all aspects in there live eg: asking person hot or cold drinks, tea or coffee, ask every time. Also I can involve family and friends in decisions if needed, or take decision in the best interest of the individual. People wishes and choices may change so carers should be aware of that. 5. Explain how using an individual’s care plan contributes to working in a person-centred way (1.1.4) A Care Plan may be known by other names (e.g.: support plan, individual plan). It is the document where are detailed day to day requirements and preferences for care and support. It must included: Health, employment, education, social, religious and cultural. Using a individuals care plan means that I working towards the individuals choices and wishes because individuals should be involved in planning of there own care plan. 6. Define the term ‘consent’ (3.3.1) Consent is agreement to an action i.e. in social care agreeing to a bath or a shower, to medication, agreement to have details shared with others. 7. Explain the importance of gaining consent when providing care or support (3.3.2) It is important to gain consent so the person will feel comfortable and happy about the activity. If I gain the consent the individual will be more likely to co operate. Without consent the person may become distress and upset and this could provide dangerous situation when they can harm themselves or others Lack of consent could be construed as abuse i.e. forcing an individual to have a shower when they have not agreed. 8. Describe how to establish consent for an activity or action (3.3.3) Consent can be in different forms and includes: Verbal consent. This should involve the individual and language used mast be simple and recognisable by the individual. Communication should by checked be repeating the question. Any physical disease should be taken into account eg: deafness, vision problem. Written consent. The individual mast understand what are they signing for. Consent via a representative or advocate. 9. Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established (3.3.3) Steps to take when consent cannot be established include: Not continuing with the task. Ask individual about the reason they not consenting. Find out if there is that can be solved straight away e.g. Person may not be ready, he may ask for another 5 minutes. Reporting to the supervisor or manager if the problem cannot be solved immediately. Recording the information in the daily care plan 10. Define what is meant by active participation (4.4.1) Active participation is a way of working that recognises an individual’s right to participate in the activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible; the individual is regarded as an active partner in their own care or support, rather than a passive recipient 11. Describe how active participation benefits an individual (4.4.1) Benefits include: Sense of well-being for the individual means that the person feel good about themselves. Sense of purpose on every day live. They can enjoy life Engagement in daily activity which give the person a sense of achievement an stimulation which can be physical and mental 12. Identify possible barriers  to active participation and describe ways of reducing them (4.4.2) †¢ Barriers include: †¢ issues over physical access †¢ lack of information in accessible formats †¢ emotional barriers such as lack of confidence †¢ professional support staff taking over †¢ family carers who find it hard to let go 13. Describe ways of encouraging active participation (4.4.4) Ways of encouraging participation include: – discussion and encouragement with the individual – providing useful information – using friends and family to encourage – ensuring appropriate activities – peer-group encouragement – persuasion techniques – highlighting the benefits of the activity 14. Identify ways of supporting an individual to make informed choices (5.5.1) Ways of supporting an individual to make informed choices include: – discussion with the individual or advocate – providing relevant information which is accessible and understandable e.g. It should be in a language that is understandable to that person. If the person that cannot read I may use pictures instead – guidance from friends or family – using an advocate or support service 15. Explain why risk taking can be part of an individual’s choices (5.5.2) Risk-taking means being aware of the potential hazards but still carrying on with the activity. I can reduce the risk so that person choice could by meet. For example when individual want make a cup of tea I will let him to take a cup, put a tea bag in cup, but I will fill the cup with hot water. 16. Explain how agreed risk assessment processes are used to support the right to make choices (5.5.2) Risk Assessment Processes include: Risk assessing in activity so that the potential risk can be identified, in this way we can look to reduce the risk. The person can make a choice about activity. In this way the person views and opinions are respected. All risk assessment should be recorded and reviewed 17. Explain why a worker’s personal views should not influence an individual’s choices (5.5.3) Personal views should not influence an individual’s choices because choices that other people make are not ours choices. Everyone needs to be able to make their own choice. 18. Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others (5.5.4) Support an individual to question or challenge decisions includes: Encourage questions and comments from the individual, making sure that they understand Give the individual time to speak and be prepared to listen what they want to say Assist the individual to ask for a second opinion, from somebody who can have more experience, information and advice(sign posting) Speak/refer the individual to a senior member of staff to discuss issues and way to solving them. If is necessary use the complaints procedure. 19. Explain how individual identity and self-esteem are linked with wellbeing (6.6.1) Individual identity is about who I am, my experiences, my beliefs, culture, religion. Self esteem is filing good about myself, being happy and content, having confidence. This two are linked to well being, because well being is about being happy with yourself and your life. 20. Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s wellbeing (6.6.2) Attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well-being include: Being treated as an individual so your choices are respected and acknowledged like some of the people don’t eat meat and we have to give them other choice which does not include meat. So it is treating people witch dignity and respect giving them choices. Good communication is needed so everybody understood each other. 21. Identify ways to contribute to an environment that promotes wellbeing (6.6.2) I have to be sure that environment is not to hot or not too cold. If it is too hot I can put a fan on. If it is too noisy I will look at ways to reduce the level of noise. If the individual does not like other person I will put him next to that person. They may be people that really like each other and I will encourage this friendship. Furnishing and decoration can be involved in a person wellbeing. I would ask the person what kind of decoration they like. I will make sure that chairs, bed are comfortable and what the person want. Once you have completed, your Learning Advisor will be able to cross reference the knowledge into UNIT 4222-207 of the diploma (EXCEPT 1.1.3)

Cebu City Essay

The City of Cebu (Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Sugbo, Tagalog: Lungsod ng Cebu, Spanish: Ciudad de Cebà º) is the capital city of the province of Cebu and is the â€Å"second city† of the Philippines, being the center of Metro Cebu, the second most populous Metropolitan area in the Philippines after Metro Manila. With a population of 866,171 as per the 2010 census, it is the fifth most populated city in the country.[2] Cebu City is a significant center of commerce, trade and education in the Visayas area. The city is located on the eastern shore of Cebu island. It is the first Spanish settlement and the oldest city in the Philippines.[3] Cebu is the Philippines’ main domestic shipping port and is home to about 80% of the country’s domestic shipping companies.[citation needed] It is the center of a metropolitan area called Metro Cebu, which includes the cities of Carcar, Danao, Lapu-lapu, Mandaue, Naga, Talisay and the municipalities of Compostela, Consolacion, Cordova, Liloan, Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu has a total population of about 2.55 million people (2010 Census). Cebu City is bordered to the northeast by Mandaue City and the town of Consolacion, to the west are Toledo City, and the towns of Balamban and Asturias, to the south are Talisay City and the town of Minglanilla. Across Mactan Strait to the east is Mactan Island. Geography Cebu City has a land area of 315 square kilometres (122 sq mi). To the northeast of the city is Mandaue City and the town of Consolacion; to the west is Toledo City and the towns of Balamban and Asturias; to the south is Talisay City and the town of Minglanilla. Across Mactan Strait to the east is Mactan Island where Lapu-Lapu City is located. Further east across the Cebu Strait is the Island of Bohol. Demographics Around the 1960s, the population of the city was about 91,000. The population reached 799,762 people in 2007, and as of the 2010 Census, the city’s population has grown to 866,171 in over 161,151 households.[2] Education Cebu City currently has ten large universities each with a number of college branches throughout the city and more than a dozen other schools specializing in various courses. Among these schools is the University of San Carlos. It has four campuses around the metropolitan area. It is currently headed by the Society of the Divine Word. University of the Philippines Cebu, University of San Jose–Recoletos Cebu Normal University Cebu Doctors’ University University of Cebu University of the Visayas.. Cebu Institute of Technology – University, Southwestern University, St. Theresa’s College, University of Southern Philippines Foundation Cebu Technological University Cebu Institute of Medicine Cebu International School,Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion. The upcoming Centro Escolar University – Cebu will be the fourth campus of the university after its Manila (Main), Malolos, and Makati campuses.[17] Cebu City has 68 public elementary schools, 23 national high schools and 28 night high schools. These night high schools are operated by the city government. The Cebu City Public Library and Information Center is the only public library in Cebu.

A report on Five Internet Sites related to Language Development Essay

A report on Five Internet Sites related to Language Development - Essay Example Responses of growing children at specific age ranges are well defined in this chart. The first section deals with children below six months of age when vocalization and cognition of vocal stimuli begin to manifest. The child is able to discern between friendly and angry tones. In the next six months and by the end of first year children begin to use fragmented or whole monosyllables for communication and begin to comprehend the social value of verbal communication. After the elapse of another six months the child has a vocabulary of approximately 5-20 words, develops the habit of repeating words over and over and starts following simple commands. Vocabulary increases in the subsequent months although volume and pitch of the voice are often not well controlled. By the end of three years the child starts making intelligible use of verbs as well and develops reasoning ability. Cognitive ability is enhanced as the child attains the age of 5 years and can speak about things not present in its immediate environment. Speech at this stage is usually grammatically correct and the child comprehends the concept of time. Subsequent years result in dramatic developments and by the age of 8 years the child is expected to read and write as well. At this stage pitch and volume of the uttered sentences are well developed and can carry out healthy conversations. The site provides further links to parents to develop better communication with their off springs and handle speech and language problems at the right stage. It highlights the role of parents as instruments in assisting their children to develop better language skills. The site hosted by the popular search engine ‘About.com’ has a scholarly article on language development in the early years by Kimberly L. Keith, under the major title of Child Parenting. It focuses on the psychological aspects of the

The term paper is mostly a critique of Graddy's paper Essay

The term paper is mostly a critique of Graddy's paper - Essay Example The study that was undertaken by Graddy focused on over 400 restaurants from franchises that included Wendy’s, Burger King, Roy Rodger’s, and KFC. The pricing data was collected by using the result of studies done by Card and Krueger from 1994, with the income and race information coming from the census information of 1990. As the Graddy work is dated 1997, the time period for which the data is collected is appropriate, but will reflect the 1990s rather than looking towards the future. The reasons for using the data from fast food restaurants seems to be sound as it was an industry chosen for its product duplication across markets inside the United States. Graddy notes that previous studies of a similar type were done in reference to supermarket prices, but did not distinguish between the observable differences between race and income. Graddy dates the last study of that type to have been done in 1982, thus suggesting further that this area of inquiry has been neglected . In more recent studies to the date of the Graddy work, the topic of racial differences in price points was discussed concerning difference in automobile prices where Caucasian and African American customers were concerned where identical automobiles were quoted with different prices where one race was compared to another. African American buyers were routinely quoted a significantly higher price than Caucasian buyers. The nature of the way in which prices are determined, it seems, often has a relationship to race. In the Graddy study, she points out that this point is proven according to the work that she has done due to her work that shows that meal prices are at a difference of 5% when the population of a neighborhood is at 50% or more for an African American population. The initial study from which Graddy gathers her data from is based upon the work of Card and Krueger who surveyed restaurants in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania in February and March of 1992 and then once mo re in November and December 1992. The survey questioned 473 stores with only 410 stores responding which gave a 87% response rate. For the first set, valid responses were gathered from 387 stores, with the second phase having success with 376 stores. Grady correlated this information with zip codes, first calling the individual stores, and then verifying that information with zip code directories. This information was then correlated with the information from the census in order to create valid information about place and price information in regard to race distribution in the areas of study. The information that was correlated for the race and price distribution section was then correlated in such a way as to add dimension to the study. The data was correlated with information from the 1992 Uniform Crime Reports Crime in New Jersey and Crime in Pennsylvania that was gathered from both the New Jersey and Pennsylvania police departments. After all the data was collected and correlate d, 322 restaurants had provided enough information to make the necessary relationships within the study which included information about starting wage, number of employees, and crime rates. The first table in the

Sustainable Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sustainable Development - Essay Example Pollution is also reduced enormously due to this sustainable technique. For legislation and funding the programs, the agencies have introduced six livability principals (Assadourian et al, 2012). The livability principals proposed in the suggested article mainly focus and discuss some practical issues for the development of sustainable development. They are mostly related to the day to day problems faced by the citizen and their solutions. Specific and certain points are given in order to increase the productivity and social positivity of the overall developments taking place. For example the first livability principal is giving emphasis on increasing the transportation choices for the people so that they can enjoy safe, quick and affordable charges of transportation. The transportation has been a very basic human need since a very long time after industrial revolution. Similarly, linking this transportation issue with overall economic factors of the country is also very much important because our dependence on foreign oil and quest to gain more profits in order to meet the increasing expenditures outside our country can cause a bad effect on the fares of the transportation and this in turn has been sustained by the general public. In the similar fashion, the effect of good livability principal in regards to transportation will sort out different practical ways to minimize the green house damage on the environment by the pollution and it must use scientific research. Similarly, the other principal emphasizes to increase the completion and race in the economic arena of development lifecycle so that people can exploit more and more chances of economic growth and can improve their life style by competing and taking challenges at par. It also says that instead of targeting the new communities, the principal of sustainable development must and should resist from the side of existing communities and promote maximum land

Diversity in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diversity in Organizations - Essay Example Both these aspects are considered unhealthy for organization’s growth and sustenance. To tackle issues arising from discrimination, organizations have started to adopt diversity management as a tool to tackle discrimination at workplace. This can be best evidenced by the Kosek and Lobel’s model (1996), cited by Mor-Barak and Travis (2005), of diversity management approach through diversity enlargement, diversity sensitivity, cultural audit and strategies for achieving organizational outcomes. Diversity management policies to promote equality in organizations have been widely adopted worldwide, in compliance to legislation and also to derive better business results. However, the results are not uniform across all nations and across same organizations in different regions of the world. Various factors attributing to distinct results and impacts of diversity management policies point to the differing perceptions, attitudes, social behaviors, and interpretations of policies . All these factors describe the diversity climate within the organization. Diversity climate is defined as "organizational members' attitudes and perceptions toward people from cultural groups other than their own." It is important to assess the diversity climate in order for organizations to implement diversity management practices and/or bridge gaps wherever necessary. ... The main questions in the questionnaire include: 1. How would you rate your management/leadership support in terms of communication of opportunities and work performance. 2. To what extent is diversity addressed in formal policies like organizational mission statement, HR policies, practices etc. 3. To what extent do you get opportunities to refer your friends and other members belonging to diverse cultural groups for a job at your workplace? 4. To what extent do you and your colleagues get fair treatment by your supervisors/managers? 5. To what extent do you feel your workplace practices attempt to include all members of the organization. 6. How would you rate the way the organization and your leaders welcomed you when you joined. 7. Do you get adequate resources and support to carry out your work in an appropriate manner? 8. To what extent do the organizational activities encompass different cultural perspectives? 9. How would you rate your overall positive experiences with respect to diversity at workplace? 10. To what extent have you heard someone passing comments that depicted discrimination? This questionnaire could be measured on a 5-point Likert scale, from 1 to 5 (1=Strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=neither disagree nor agree; 4=Agree and 5=Strongly Agree). Based on the rating, responses can be categorized into three main categories namely, benefits of diversity, inclusion of diversity policies, and justice with respect to discrimination. This categorization will help in assessing which aspect is outweighing the diversity climate within the organization. Accordingly, necessary actions can be taken in terms of training and diversity management practices. Kossek and Lobel’s

International Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Marketing - Assignment Example However, one glaring difference has to do with the issue of search for competitive advantage. Cameron et al, (2009, p. 6) actually notes that such competitive advantages have become necessary because of â€Å"the current economic instability, volatile prices, fluctuating exchange rates and the keen competition for customers.† It would be noted that existing multinational who have been in the system for long depend largely on their brand names as their competitive advantage. By brand names, reference is being to the fact that the companies have a thought that they will automatically appeal to customers because of their long existence. This often brings about complacency on the need to look for new and challenging competitive advantages. However, new global challengers take inspiration from the fact that they are not well known to look for new and attractive competitive advantages that includes the need for modernity and low cost of products and services. Because the world is ge nerally battling a global economic meltdown, such new competitive advantages tend to attract more focus than those used by existing companies. a) Some of the new global challengers seek organic growth while others internationalize through acquisitions. What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with each strategy? (6%) The major advantage associated organic growth is that it is less costly and makes room for sustainable growth. It is therefore not surprising that Cameron et al, (2009, p. 11) captured in their report that of the many new challenger companies they sampled, â€Å"only 1.4 average deals per company† was recorded within that whole time frame. What this means is that as new companies, organic growth gives companies a lot of opportunity to study a specific market and become well acquainted with that market and so put in place strategies and plans that suit those markets only. The disadvantage however is that international exposure becomes limited and so th e likelihood of building an international brand becomes hindered. With acquisition, the fact that it is expensive to start is the major disadvantage. It however creates the opportunity for businesses to record outright growth and expansion without the need to start from the scratch. What is more, once an acquisition is made, there is the tendency that existing customers of the acquired company will become the automatic customers of the acquiring company. a) Consider all strategies the new challengers appear to use. Are there other strategies available to them? Will these strategies ensure sustained growth? (6%) On the surface of it, one may think that is should be more costly doing business in rapid developing economies than in low-growth economies. However, the reverse is rather true. Based on this, challenger firms have a strategy whereby they focus their attention on rapidly developing economies as their start-up points. By this, they are privileged to a number of business climat e advantages such as tax exemptions and access to credit; which are unfortunately

Appeal Process Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Appeal Process - Article Example advance infrequently challenges the choice of the jury, yet rather challenges any legitimate blunders that the judge or the indictment may have made throughout the trial. Any deciding that the judge made throughout the preparatory hearing, throughout pretrial movements and throughout the trial itself might be offered if the litigant accepts the decision was in failure. For instance, if your legal advisor made a pretrial movement testing the legitimateness of the pursuit of your auto and the judge decided that the police did not require an inquiry warrant, that controlling could be requested basing on the fact that it permitted proof to be seen by the jury that might not have generally seen. One’s attorney will have a lot of time to set up the formal offer, yet in most states one has a restricted time to publish the expectation to bid the conviction or sentence. In a few states, the appealing criminal His notice of offer will need to incorporate the precise issue or issues whereupon you are basing ones claim. Numerous requests have been rejected by higher courts essentially in luminosity of the verity that the litigant held up excessively long to raise the issue. When you claim your case, the investigative court will accept the record of the criminal trial and all decisions paving the way to the trial. Your lawyer will record a composed short sketching out why you accept your conviction was influenced by legitimate mistake. The arraignment in like manner will document a composed concise telling the redrafting court why it accepts the decision was lawful and fitting. Ordinarily, after the indictment documents its short, the appealing party can document a catch up concise in answer. Despite the fact that it does happen, the lawyer who took care of your criminal trial will presumably not handle your bid. Advances are normally took care of by legal counselors who have experience with the claims process and working with higher courts. Despite the fact that the

Violence by Gilligan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Violence by Gilligan - Essay Example Violence by Gilligan How do we react to violence or a violent individual or group physically hurting us or other members of our society? Dr. James Gilligan, author of ‘Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and Its Causes’, using his experience of over 35 years in dealing with prisons and the criminals of violent crimes, explains how instrumental our perceptions and reactions to violence are in eliminating it. The concept of a harmoniously balanced society with ‘no violence’ is a resultant of mutual care and support between the members of that society (Duen Hsi Yen). This emanates from respect for each other, the absence of which internally hollows the structure of a society even though it may be apparently working harmoniously. The effects of this hollowing can be witnessed in the increasing violent crime rates, even in countries with efficient crime control agencies like the FBI and Department of Justice in the U.S. This implies a critical analysis of the different theories of Violence. The earliest theory by the founder of the field of Psychoanalysis, Freud himself, declares that violence is but a natural impulse in all human beings. But the first hand experience of Dr Gilligan with violent criminals reveals the opposite. Violence is caused rather than natural, and society may very well be one of its major causes. In his description of the different perceptions of violence and their affects, Gillian identifies three categories of reaction towards violence; pathos, moral plays and understanding violence as tragedy.

3 marketing strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3 marketing strategies - Essay Example The market follower strategy makes the new entrant follow the existing technologies or products to maintain its own market share playing the role of counterfeit, cloner, imitator or adaptor. The third major launch strategy is the nichemanship where the new entrants target a small market segment and try to meet the needs of a certain group of customers offering premium price with specialization in the field. Emaar Group of Saudi Arabia entering the hotel business is an example of the market challenge strategy of business launch. Emaar Group is an established brand in the real estate sector in the country. Their offerings include houses, schools, healthcare centres and many more to which they are going to add â€Å"The Address Hotels and Resorts†, their five star premium global brand of leisure and hospitality. The hospitality sector is already a much flourished sector in the Saudi Arabia dominated by Jumeirah’s rep the leading hotel brand in the country. The fast and aggressive strategy of the Emaar Hospitality Group taking control over both business and leisure tourists through its sub brands including Resort, Retreat, Urban and Business with the help of its around 100 newly recruited hotel staff has threatened the business of Jumeirah’s rep. With this aggressive market challenge and attack strategy of launch the Emaar Group expects to control the hospitality marke t in the Middle East, North Africa, Indian Subcontinent, Asia, Europe and America in the next 10 years to come (Anon. â€Å"Joined up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2008). E-banking is not a new concept in the banking services when the Samba Financial Group started its business in the Saudi Arabia in 1980 taking over two existing branches of Citibank in the country. Since the beginning it initiated core banking system in its branches following the technology used by the Citibank and customizing it to fit

Celebrity Worship Essay Example for Free

Celebrity Worship Essay About celebrity worship Good morning, everyone! Today my topic is about celebrity worship. Do you worship any celebrities? I think the answer will probably be yes. Nowadays most of us have their own idols. Whether the people of our affections are movie stars, athletes, or politicians we are hungry for information about them. We want to know what they are saying, what they are wearing, where they are going and whom they are with. Moreover, we mock their actions and want to become one of them who are often portrayed as beautiful, clever and rich. I think this is â€Å"celebrity worship†. And it is not only teenagers’ right; many adults also admire celebrities. But what drives our endless fascination with celebrity worship? The following some aspects may give the answer to the question. First of all, to some degree celebrity worship is a kind of belief. In this transient world, nothing seems to be unchangeable. People must find something to worship so that they will not lose themselves. Therefore, they admire celebrities, consider celebrities as good examples of their own lives and want to become as famous or wealthy as celebrities are. Secondly, some people consider the fascination with celebrities as a substitution for real life. There are many problems in our daily life, so people focus on celebrities’ life to avoid their own problems. They see celebrity worship as a kind of entertainment. In this way, they can relax themselves. What’s more, celebrity worship is a symbol of fashion especially for teenagers. If they do not want to be out-of-date, they believe that they should have an idol. As celebrity worship becomes increasingly crazy today, people begin to be concern about the impacts of it on our daily life. To some degree, celebrity worship can be unhealthy. If we pay too much attention to these famous people, we may do some crazy things that may hurt others or ourselves. For example, it was reported that a young girl from LiaoningProvince committed suicide just because her mother refused to buy her a CD of her idol. Another famous example is about a 28-year-old girl called Yang Lijuan. She became a huge fan of Andy Liu 13 years ago. From that moment, the only thing she cared about in her life was to meet her idol. She quit school, wrote letters, and spent many years watching the stars music videos. She even made public attempts to get close to him, two times in Hong Kong and once in Beijing, but every time was disappointed. The girls father was a 68-year-old retired middle school teacher who supported the entire family with his pension of 1,900 yuan per month and her mother was unable to work due to poor health. Her parents tried to persuade her to give up, but after their efforts failed, her father decided to help his daughter realize her dreams at any cost. The family borrowed money and went to Hong Kong again in order to meet the girl’s idol. Finally, the girl fulfilled her dream. However, her father became furious after he was informed that his daughter would not get a chance to spend enough time to talk privately with the star about her feelings for him. He jumped into the sea in an early Monday morning while his wife and daughter were still asleep. What a great tragedy it is! In addition, some experts say that celebrity worship can decrease a persons self-esteem because the endless admiration and yearning for a life and lifestyle that are out of reach may lead to ones feelings of isolation and inadequacy. However, some other experts take different views of it. They believe that for some celebrity worship may be unhealthy, while for most of people, it is can actually improve our lives. This is particularly true when the people of our affections set a good example that helps us strive to achieve our own ideals. If you idolize someone for their accomplishments, and these accomplishments make gains in your own life, then admiring a celebrity can have a positive effect on your ambition, or even on your mental health. In my opinion, celebrity worship is a kind of fact, whether it is good to us depends on how we treat it. We should have a reasonable attitude towards it. In our transient world, we need to find a goal for our life. In this sense, we may look up to celebrities as role models. But we should remember that they are just ideals. We should not mock their actions all the time. We need to find our own way to get our perfect life. In a word, if we worship a celebrity, we should choose the right people and the right way. That is all. Thanks for your attention.

Satisfaction Rates Among Outpatients of Hospital

Satisfaction Rates Among Outpatients of Hospital Assessment of satisfaction among outpatient department (OPD) patients visiting tertiary level government hospital ABSTRACT Background Selection of an appropriate health care and measurement of its quality is very complex and elusive yet the tools of its measurement have been improving. It is easier to evaluate the patient’s satisfaction towards the service than to evaluate the quality of medical services that they receive. (1) Therefore, a research on patient satisfaction can be an important tool to measure of health system performance and improve the quality of services. (2,3). Satisfaction manifests itself in the distribution, access and utilization of health services. Objective: The main objective of this study is to measure the satisfaction of OPD (Outpatient Department) patients in tertiary care public health facility namely Guru Gobind Singh govt. Hospital, Jamnagar, Gujarat. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from a pre-tested pre-structured questionnaire from 322 patients who gave the verbal consent at the end of their O.P.D visit at tertiary health facility, Guru Gobind Singh Government Hospital, Jamnagar for days from to. The items in the questionnaire referred to particulars of the patients such as age, gender, education, occupation, income, family type etc.; perception of patients towards doctor , paramedical staff, basic amenities and quality of care. The responses were expressed in proportions. The data was tabulated on Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed using EPI info. Results –Although majority of patients were satisfied with the availability of medicines; availability of information on illness, treatment and prevention; doctor’s patience, compassion and dedication but most of the patients were not satisfied with the behaviour of hospital personnel ;delay in reception of investigation reports ;unhygienic toilets and improper cleanliness of hospital; and lack of availability of drinking water . INTRODUCTION Quality care is the most important dimension of public health and it has emerged as an internationally important aspect in the health care services provision. This quality of care can be measured in terms of structure, process and outcome. Structure refers to the basic infrastructure and facility, process refers to the way the care is delivered and outcome refers to the end result. (4) While measuring health outcome and quality of patient care services, patient’s satisfaction is considered to be important component. Patients’ perceptions about health care systems and his satisfaction seem to have been largely ignored by health care managers in developing countries (12). The outcome of any disease is influenced not only by the appropriate diagnostic and treatment services but also the receipt of satisfactory care from service providers. A satisfied patient is more likely to develop a deeper and longer lasting relationship with their medical provider, leading to improve compliance, continuity of care and ultimately better health outcome. But it is difficult to measure the satisfaction and gauze responsiveness of health systems as not only the clinical but also the non-clinical outcomes of care do influence the patients’ satisfaction ,(5)such as: Quality of clinical services provided, availability of medicine, behavior of doctors and other health staff, cost of services, hospital infrastructure, physical comfort, emotional support, and respect for patient preferences.(6) Mismatch between patient expectation and the service received is related to decreased satisfaction.(7) Therefore, assessing patient perspectives gives them a voice, which can make public health services more responsive to people’s needs and expectations.(8,9) In the recent past, studies on patient satisfaction gained popularity and usefulness as it provides the chance to health care providers and mangers to improve the services in the public health facilities. Patients’ feedback is necessary to identify problems that need to be resolved in improving the health services. Even if they still do not use this information systematically to improve care delivery and services, this type of feedback triggers a real interest that can lead to a change in their culture and in their perception of patients. (10) OPD is the window to any health system and OPD care indicates the quality care of hospital reà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ected by patient’s perception in terms of satisfaction to the services they are provided.(11)This study was therefore undertaken at OPDs of tertiary level health facility in Jamnagar to measure patient satisfaction. The main objective of this paper is to know the desired level of services as perceived by the patients about various components of out-door patient department (OPD) services. In this study, the OPD is defined as the hospital’s department where patients received diagnoses and/or treatment but did not stay overnight. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design: Institution based cross-sectional study. Study population: The present study was conducted among the patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) of Guru Gobind Singh government hospital, Jamnagar. Period of study: The period of survey was days from to. Sampling frame: The sampling frame consisted of the outpatient department (OPD) of Guru Gobind Singh government hospital, Jamnagar. . Sample size: fifty percent of the OPD patients. Sampling technique: random sampling technique. The sampling population was interviewed from the most frequented OPDs (Medicine, General surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paediatrics, Orthopedics, Otorhinolaryngology, Ophthalmology, Skin, Tuberculosis and Chest diseases) according to probability proportion to size based on the past years OPD attendance. Inclusion criteria: A new or referred patient attending the OPD of the respective health care facility who gave verbal consent, Exclusion criteria: Patients working in the health care facility and patients admitted (indoor patients) and follow-up patients attending the OPD of the respective health care facility, who didn’t gave verbal consent or gave incomplete information, were excluded from the study. Selection of patient: The patients attending the OPD of the respective health care facility were selected for the interview by systematic random sampling. Depending upon the previous attendance of the particular department and the time taken to complete the interview, a random number was chosen and every nth patient was selected for the interview. This process was continued till the required sample size was completed. Tools of data collection: Permission to conduct the study was taken from the superintendents of the concerned health care facility. All the patients were interviewed after they had consulted the doctor. Informed verbal consent was taken from all the participating patients before the start of the interview after telling them about the objective of the study and the approximate time that will be involved in the completion of the interview. The prescribing doctor was largely kept unaware of the procedure, except in unavoidable circumstances, to avoid the bias in their behaviour with the patient. A pre-tested pre-structured questionnaire was used to record information taking the key elements of socio-demographic characteristics and perception of the patients regarding quality of services available at the outpatient health care facility. Analysis Data was tabulated on Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed using the software Epi Info version 6. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS:- Table 1-socio-demographic profile of the patients:- Among all the subjects interviewed during the data collection, 322 were included in the statistical analysis and the remaining were not included, because of incomplete information. A majority (56.21%) of the responders were male. The mean ages of the responders were years .About 40% of the responders were illiterate. About half (56%) belonged to a joint family. Nearly half of the study subjects belonged to the lower socioeconomic status category as per the Kuppuswamy classification. TABLE 2-PATIENTS’ PERCEPTION OF THE QUALITY OF SERVICES AVAILABLE (n =322) The results regarding each question are shown in Table 2. Most of the respondents were satisfied with the availability of medicines, also they were able to get the medicines easily. Most of the respondents agreed that complete information was provided to them on the illness, treatment, and the methods to avoid illness. Almost half (48%) of the patients were not satisfied with the politeness of the hospital personnel. More than half (61%) of the patients stated that hospital personnel were not helpful. 59 % patients said that the doctor did not give them adequate time while 60% of the patients said that the doctor has given enough time to listen completely to their complains. 57% of the patients were satisfied that the doctor has checked carefully and was readily answering their questions. Almost 50% of the patients were told that the doctor gave them adequate time and didn’t rushed. 42% patients couldn’t easily locate the place of investigation. 55% of the patients didn’t receive their reports in time. 57% of the patients were not satisfied with the cleanliness of the hospital. 69% of the patients were not satisfied with the toilet conditions. 59% of the patients stated that drinking water wasn’t available in the hospital. TABLE – 3: QUALITY OF CARE Overall 66.45% respondents termed the hospital services as satisfactory, 62.11% were satisfied with the treatment given, but 52.48% stated that the services provided were not worth the money spent, and 40.99% replied that they would not like to visit the facility again in future. [Table 3]. DISCUSSION In our current study, patients were satisfied with the ease of availability of the required medicines while in a study done by Sivalenka (13) medicine supply was an area of concern. Most of patients were satisfied with the information provided to them about illness, its treatment and prevention. Patients were not very satisfied with the behaviour of the hospital personnel .lack of monitoring of staff, due to very high patient load, could be the reason for this. It was observed during the study that the ultimate satisfaction of the patient is their rapport with the doctor. A patient forgets the pain he faces to reach the doctor if the doctor sees him with patience and compassion. In our study, most of the patients were satisfied with the behaviour of the doctor, which was similar to the result of study by Kumar et al (14). More than half of the patients were not satisfied due to the delay in reporting time of the investigations thereby increasing their waiting time which is similar to other studies (17-18). Some of the responder cited inability to locate the departments as a constraint. Lack of proper sign boards leads to difficulty in locating the departments. A good number of patients were not satisfied with the cleanliness of the hospital. Also most of them were not satisfied with the condition of the toilets. As compared with private sector, government hospitals lack in general cleanliness and hygienic toilets, thereby leading to severe patient aversion and dissatisfaction, which needs to be improved .similar findings have been observed in some other studies (13-16) As observed in our study, Overall level of satisfaction of patients towards government tertiary care health facility is low, although patients appeared to be satisfied with the doctors, which seems to be a strong reason of their still existing faith in the tertiary care government hospital. Thus we need to improve the rest of the factors so as to keep up to the expectations of the patients ,thereby try to fulfill the basic need of patient- which is readily available ,easily accessible, and satisfactory health services for all. CONCLUSIONS Efforts should be made to reduce the patient load at the tertiary level facilities so that doctors and other staff can give more attention and time to the patients. The findings of the present study can be utilized to improve the services at public health facilities of the state resulting in the more satisfaction of patients availing such public health facilities. REFERENCES (1)Study on Patient Satisfaction in the Government Allopathic Health Facilities of Lucknow District, India, Ranjeeta Kumari et al Indian Journal of Community Medicine / Vol 34 / Issue 1 / January 2009 (2) White B. Measuring patient satisfaction: how to do it and why to bother. Family Practice management [serial online] January 1999; [9 screens]. Available from: http://www.aafp.org/ fpm/990100fm/40.html. (3) How satisfied are your patients? Family Practice Management April 1998; [2 screen]. Available from: http://www.aafp.org/ fpm/980400fm/fpstats.html (4) Measuring patient satisfaction: A Cross sectional study to improve quality of care at a tertiary care hospital. – by Andrabi Syed Arshad et.al. Healthline ISSN2229-337X Volume 3 Issue 1 January-June 2012 (5) Agrawal D. Health sector reforms: Relevance in India. Indian J Community Med 2006;31:220-2. (6) Jenkinson C, Coulter A, Bruster S, Richards N, Chandola T. Patients’ experiences and satisfaction with health care: Results of a questionnaire study of specific aspects of care. Qual Saf Health Care 2002;11:335-9. (7)McKinley RK, Roberts C. Patient satisfaction with out of hours primary medical care. Qual Health Care 2001;10:23-8. (8)World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2000-Health Systems: Improving Performance. Geneva: WHO, 2000. (9) Rao KD, Peters DH, Bandeen-Roche K. Towards patient-centered health services in India- a scale to measure patient perceptions of quality. Int J Qual Health Care 2006;18:414-21. (10) 6. Boyer L, Francois P, Doutre E, Weil G, Labarere J. Perception and use of the results of patient satisfaction surveys by care providers in a French teaching hospital. Int J Qual Health Care 2006;18:359-64. (11) Assessment of Client’s Perception in Terms of Satisfaction and Service Utilization in the Central Government Health Scheme Dispensary at Kolkata, D Haldar, AP Sarkar, S Bisoi1, P Mondal2Indian Journal of Community Medicine, Vol. 33, Issue 2, April 2008 (12) Measuring Patient Satisfaction: A Case Study to Improve Quality of Care at Public Health Facilities. Prahlad Rai Sodani. Indian Journal of Community Medicine / Vol 35 / Issue 1 / January 2010 (13) Sivalenka S. Patient satisfaction surveys in public hospitals in India. Available from: http://www.rand.org. [Last accessed on 2011 Feb 16] (14) Kumari R, Idris MZ, Bhushan V, Khanna A, Agarwal M, Singh SK. Study on patient satisfaction in the government allopathic health facilities of Lucknow district, India. Indian J Comm Med 2009;34:35à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ42 (15) Peerasak L, Surasak B, Pattanawadi U. Patient satisfaction on health service at the family medicine learning centers. Chiang Mai Med Bull 2004;43:67à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ76. (16) Bhattacharya A, Prema Menon P, Vipin Koushal V, Rao KL. Study of patient satisfaction hospital in a tertiary referral hospital. J Acad Hosp Adm 2003;15:29à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ31 (17) Measuring patient satisfaction a case study to improve quality of care at public health facilities / Ind jcom. Med Vol 35 issi 1 jan 2010, 52-56. Prahlad Rai Sudani et.al. (18)Patient satisfaction with out of hours primary medical care. Quality in health care,2001;10:23-28 R K McKinley, C Roberts.

Consumer Behaviour On Decline Of Sales Marketing Essay

Consumer Behaviour On Decline Of Sales Marketing Essay Introduction This report is prepared to analyse how consumer behaviour changes has led to the decline in sales volume of Xclusive perfume brands across the UK market. For the last two years sales has declined consistently across the target market of upper class consumers in UK. Xclusive is an premium perfume brand from Premium Products Ltd, a company based out of UK. Company launched this premium brand for men and women in UK market in 2006. By 2007, they had a 1.2% market share, reporting a total sales turnover of 7.96 million GBP (Esprit Magazine, 2007) In 2008 and 2009, the sales declined by 5% and 6.2% respectively. Preliminary reports show a decline in popularity of this brand and lesser movement in stores among the upper class customers. This report is intended to analyse the reasons which led to the sales decline over the last two years. Report will test the hypothesis that consumer behaviour variations led to the decline in sales. Other key objective of this report is to come up with suggestions to reverse this declining sales trend and influence a positive change in consumer behaviour to increase the sales. Current Product and Marketing Strategy Xclusive brand of premium perfume for men and women was launched by Premium Product Ltd in 2006. There were four lines within this Xclusive brand herbal, musky, woody and spicy. Musky was the popular most brands followed by Herbal. They were packaged in exclusive golden bottles, which gave exquisiteness to the whole product package. Health consciousness was on the rise among the UK consumers in 2006. That made the company launch this exclusive herbal perfume to the upper class consumers. This was launched as part of their market differentiation strategy compared to other premium brands. Main target was upper class men and women in UK with social grade A and B. (Businessballs, 2008). This market size constituted 25% of the total UK population. Premium Products Ltd used a premium pricing for all products including this Xclusive product line, with herbal being the most expensive as it was made from healthy ingredients. The company adopted a selective distribution strategy targeting only luxury zones and concentrated on boutiques and big malls like Wesfield and Metrocenter. Distribution strategy was centred around premium malls and online shops like Perfume shop. (Suite101, 2007) Company did the promotion mainly through celebrity ads in mass media like TV and upper class magazines like Glamour and Cosmopolitan. Promotion was around healthy sports men and women using this exclusive perfume. (National Readership Survey, 2007) Problem Analysis Problem: In the last two years there has been a drastic decrease in the sales of fragrance products (perfumes). Study was conducted on market and consumer buying process to understand the reasons behind this decline in sales. In the market study, objective was to test whether external market conditions were favourable to perfume business. Market study was done using the PEST method. While doing sales analysis, it was found that decline in sales actually came from women segment. Hence market and consumer behaviour study was mostly attributed to the social class A and B women segments. Buyer responses Choices of product brand dealer timing price Buy more, less, stay loyal etc buyers black box Needs wants, stimuli Product, price, place, promotion etc Environmental (PEST) factors Buying Process Analysis We looked at the typical buying process of premium perfumes by women in UK. Looking at the major players involved in a typical purchase decision. Initiator Influencer Decider Buyer User Usually, women themselves are the initiators to buy perfumes for following reasons: Long lasting scent Makes feel attractive One that others comment on Makes feel sexy Changes or enhances mood Initiators can be men also who buy gifts for women. It basically depends on the age group of women. But generally speaking, the influencers can be: Peer group Celebrities Referred by magazine (foil pouch samples preferred) Advertisements in media Women themselves and men also. Both men (as gifts) and women. Women, her friends, relatives etc. Since women play the major role of initiator and decider in this buying process, we need to understand internal and external factors which can impact the consumer behaviour of women belonging to social class A and B. Consumer behaviour characteristics Consumer behaviour refers to the selection, purchase and consumption of goods and services for the satisfaction of their wants. (Ezinearticles, 2007) There are multiple factors which can influence the consumers behaviour over a period of time, which includes both internal and external. Broadly the internal factors could be personal traits like age, income, occupation, personality, lifestyle etc and psychological factors like motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes. External factors can be social ones like reference groups, social status and influence of family. It could be cultural factors too like culture and sub-culture and social class. This is very much relevant to the premium perfume product segment too. External Factors affecting consumer behaviour Among the external factors, the key ones which directly impact consumer behaviour are demographics and social class. Next comes the influence of reference groups like celebrities, friends and family. But since the target segment is mainly upper class and upper middle, culture/sub-culture seems to be the least important variable. Demographics It is more an internal factor, which is of course shaped by external influence. Teenagers: They are more interested in citrus scents. Usually they prefer a fragrance that makes them attractive to others. They dont have any affinity towards a brand, but they like to try out different fragrances and brands. Adults: They are most likely to buy fragrances for most likely to wear a perfume to feel sexy. Older women are more likely to switch fragrances within their collection once a week or more. As they are more health conscious, they are more likely to consider Home Fragrances, Eau de Perfume, and Essential Oils as part of the Fragrance category. They are much more branding savvy. They prefer fruity and flowery fragrances and follow celebrities to a large extent. (Fragrancefoundation, 2007) In the UK, every woman between the ages 25 and 34, on an average carry  £ 71 worth of cosmetics in their handbag. (China cosmetic packing, 2010) Three out of five women were more likely to buy a fragrance samples in a magazine (foil pouch samples preferred). Now women prefer having a wardrobe or collection of fragrances too. (Fragrancefoundation, 2007) They still follow celebrity endorsements while choosing the fragrance. This is evident from the popularity of M brand introduced under the brand of Mariah Carey (Entrepreneur, 2007)). Consumers have revisited classic fragrances as the shift in buying behaviour moves towards quality, authenticity or value. (Academic Mintell, 2007) Social Class Similarly, differences in social class can create customer groups. In fact, the official six social classes in the UK are widely used to profile and predict different customer behaviour. In the UKs socioeconomic classification scheme, social class is not just determined by income. It is measured as a combination of occupation, income, education, wealth and other variables. (Tutor2U, 2007) Relevant social class segments for our premium perfume segment: Upper upper   old, established, socially prominent families Lower upper   new rich   Upper middle   professional people   Lower middle   white collar, salaried workers (Emailcommerce, 2007) Now the characteristics of each of these social classes vary as they are bound by different cultural and sub cultural elements. In the current marketing strategy the product was positioned just for upper class women and we didnt have a differentiated positioning for each sub cultural or social class groups within this broad definition of upper class women. Needs and buying process of upper middle class woman is completely different to a upper upper class woman. For example upper and lower middle can get influenced by friends and co-workers more and women tend to be mostly decision makers and purchasers. However in the upper upper and Lower upper, influence of family may be higher. Reference groups like social clubs, charity organisations, and social get together could be more relevant to influence the upper class women. Hence a segmented marketing approach is needed. However the 2009 downturn has frequency the purchase of perfumes among women. Women on average buy 4 fragrances a year. (Fragrencefoundation), due to the downturn there this has decreased to 2-3 fragrance a year. Still women spend enough on cosmetics. Among the higher social classes, penetration of social media has increased. Online purchases using cards has become common. Internet as an outlet has increased its penetration by 4% in the UK market. (Fragrancefoundation, 2007) Reference Groups Reference groups could also potentially influence the buying of premium perfume product. Reference groups can be aspirational or associative. Celebrities and socially respected ladies form aspirational reference groups for high class UK women. Associative reference groups could be members of a social club or co-workers or even members of church and some organisation. Friend circle is another major influential reference group as they could be sharing same interests and preferences. Family could be another reference group, this is however dealt separately. (Consumerpsychologist, 2007) In the target segment of Xclusive premium perfume product, reference groups are quite relevant. For example, Celebrity brands  are driving market growth among younger fragrance users. Over 30 new celebrity fragrances were launched in 2007. One in five 16-24 year olds claim to own at least one, compared with one in twenty over-45s. Celebrity fragrances provide the entry point for young people into the whole luxury sector.  (Fragrancefoundation, 2007) (As internet is becoming a key social media, reference groups like forums and fragrance review sites is also becoming key influencers in the decision making process. Sites like http://www.bestperfumeforwomen.co.uk/ provide reviews and give a ranking on best perfumes. You can no longer launch hundreds of fragrances, as the customer is more selective and wants something unique. Its not only the downturn that has forced this change in consumer behaviour. Thanks in large part to the internet, shoppers are much more knowledgeable about fragrances-more than many brands think. A look at some of the fragrance blogs or websites, such as Sniffapalooza (once derided, but now courted by fragrance brands) shows that consumers are having educated discussion and debate about fragrance, comparing different products and asking why they are all alike. Fragrance expert Michael Edwards calls this consumer the connoisseur, and compares such behavior to the foodie trend that emerged several years ago. Influence of Family In our target segment of upper and higher middle class women in UK, influence of family members is vital in making purchase decisions. Individual members of families often serve different roles in decision making process. Some individuals are  information gatherers/holders, who seek out information about products of relevance. These individuals often have a great deal of power because they may selectively pass on information that favours their chosen alternatives.  Typically husbands play the role of influencers; they let their wives know their wishes and suggestions. Husbands usually travel and get to know from social gatherings and even from online or internet means. In the case of premium perfume, the role of each individual in the family is critical be it that of gatherers who may be typically younger lot or social buffs, or that of influencers like husbands or decision makers or even purchasers. This makes marketing more tough as the messages need to reach a wider cross sec tion of UK society. Point of sales marketing can help to convince purchasers, but broad marketing conveying the features of Xclusive premium perfume should reach others like older ladies, socially respected relatives, and husbands. (Consumerpsychologist, 2007) Three out of four women say that when they find a fragrance they really like, they tell their friends about it. Every 2 in three women give perfumes as gift to partners, friends and family. Impact of culture/sub-culture elements Each culture contains sub-cultures groups of people with share values. Sub-cultures can include nationalities, religions, racial groups, or groups of people sharing the same geographical location. Sometimes a sub-culture will create a substantial and distinctive market segment of its own. OgAAAPeyJpurr1ryoFWlKXRdQZJVSyMAct7AfdHZmI-zSL4J5aoWNgxDAjv20AMfd_XlBjE5RI8O3Ge8wNG63V0VYoUA15jOjGI8ihdsXtJS1SOoJjWTF231BFIw (Source: From the Module presentation) For example, the youth culture or club culture has quite distinct values and buying characteristics from the much older gray generation. Similarly sub-cultural groups like immigrants from other countries and resident nationals belonging to other regions will show different characteristics to the UK culture. For example in the case of Asians, family relationships are much stronger and gifting is usually informal and ritual. However in UK, relationships are more loose, but gifting is done formally. Packaging is more relevant to the UK upper class when compared to other nationals. European communities give lot of importance to quality and elegance. Just like nationality as the above diagram shows, there are many more factors which shape up the cultural trait of an individual. Suggestions to influence consumer behaviour Fine grained social class segmentation: Have more targeted segments by age, by social class and by age. This is important as messages may have to be different and different fragrance products needs to be marketed to different social class and age groups Celebrity references: Continue to use references from celebrities, but widen your celebrity base to influence different segments. Musicians, film stars, entrepreneurs, sports personality and so on. For example younger lot get influenced with entrepreneurs as they look for confidence image to get associated with the perfumes they use. Older may prefer music stars and film personalities. Educational Promotions across wide cross section: Sales staff needs to be trained to improve their selling support and skills in order to advise customers correctly. Fragrances sold in self-selection should carry information on the outer box to provide consumer with the key ingredients of the product. Leaflets in boxes could also contain information for the consumer on the fragrance, on how to wear and tips on fragrance layering, and its ingredients which is a standard for many prestige skincare brands. In addition samples can be used to explain fragrance notes. Furthermore online sampling has been successfully carried out by luxury brands. Promotional messages should be targeted at initiators, influencers and decision makers. POS marketing is critical for purchases like free samples. Increasing the reach:Target to increase the number of outlets to reach a wider segmented base of upper and higher middle class women. Use internet as a channel to target convenience shoppers. Online purchase and spending is increasing in the upper class UK consumer segments. More over place reviews and customer testimonials especially of reference groups in social marketing sites to influence the prospective buyers. Differentiated products and channels for multiple segments: Thus there is a need to address the Teenage customers and Adult customers with different products according to their preferences. There are basically different types of shoppers which are Convenience Shoppers Value Shoppers Image Shoppers Experience Shoppers Luxury perfumes for women come under Image Shoppers and Experience Shoppers were, Teenagers belong to Image Shoppers and Adults belong to Experience shoppers. Understanding customers, their preferences, their needs led to the conclusion that our firm should go for two product lines, one addressing the teenagers and the other addressing the adults. The perfumes should have a variety of flavors i.e., a variety of citrus flavors for teenagers and flowers and fruity flavors for adults. Also advertising and promotional activities should be based on this segmentation. Recommended Positioning Strategy for Xclusive Premium Perfume Brand Introduction This report is prepared to suggest a positioning strategy for Xclusive brand of premium perfume for defined market segments. The objective of this new positioning strategy will be to have a positive influence on various factors which impact consumer behaviour and purchase decision of this premium product. However this report is limited to the positioning of the products for one of the target segments, which is upper class and higher middle class women. We assume that positioning strategy for the segment of men is working fine as sales has shown positive upward trend so far. Key Gaps with the Current Positioning Strategy Broad and inappropriate target segmentation: As per the current marketing strategy the target segment was defined as upper class men and women. Positioning message or current tagline Exclusive fragrance for just you was used to attract upper class men and women to feel that they own it and join a elite group of premium perfume owners. The target segment of upper class women was broader as consumer behaviour characteristics tend to differ with in the target segment of upper class women by age and social class. Hence the marketing messages failed to impress all the prospective buyers among the target segment of upper class women. Earlier, the segmentation was based on just income and status as quite evident from the positioning message. But it failed to impress all the cross sections of the prospective buyers. Lack of differentiated products and positioning: Tagline and positioning creates a perception map in the minds of consumers. Exclusive fragrance just for you suggests following characteristics it is expensive, it is exclusively for upper class only, it is unique from other products. However in real sense product was not differentiated from the competitor products. Hence there was a different between customer perception and experience which led to customer dissatisfaction and decline in repeat purchase. Teenagers Vs Adults with in the upper class target women Pure herbal Adults how to gain their credibility retain customer the core segment to be targeted.. Quality Personal body chemistry Brand image Teenagers Low price(relatively) Stress more on ambience Increase of celebrities Increase of social media usage especially in teenage networking sites Personal body chemistry Brand image As you can see above, teenagers are showing more affinity towards synthetic fragrance while adults are interested in herbal products. This itself calls for a rift in preferences and perception about the same fragrance product. Marketer need to address this with a differentiated product strategy. This kind of differences in perception mapping of the same product by two sections of the target segment was not considered while deciding the product and positioning strategy. Lack of proper celebrity references: Celebrities used for promoting Xclusive brand were mostly contemporary stars from the field of sports and films. But this is again not in line with the tagline, the company had. Ideally the company should have tried to bring in an image of a classic brand and they could have chosen somebody from old classic films like Lawrence of Arabia or actresses like Julie Andrews (Classic Movies, 2008) UK Consumers, especially the women in the age group of 30 to 60 were revisiting the classic brands and this could have been a better strategy. Couldnt reach all influencers: In the case of upper class women, a typical purchase process is influenced by friends, family members like husband, social clubs, social marketing forums and then ofcourse the aspirational groups like successful businesswomen or celebrities. Xclusive as a brand didnt have any such associations with these influencers. They were mostly targeting the decision makers and purchases with ads being targeted in magazines like Glamour. Redefine the target segments among the Women Xlusive brand has suffered a decline in sales over the last two years among the women target segment. From the market analysis and consumer behaviour study we can find that current marketing strategy was not good enough to attract all prospective consumers among the target segment of upper class women. Initial market strategy was just built around the income class, but it was not taking into account the consumer behaviour changes as per different factors like social class, age, cultural difference and so on. Shift in target segmentation from Upper class women to multiple target segments of segment 1: upper upper class and upper middle class (employed) woman segment 2: teenage women in upper middle class and upper class (with a high disposable income) Differentiated Products and Positioning Me too products or generic product line with one positioning message will not work in this changed environment. UK consumers are more going towards value shopping and they are likely to make more informed decisions rather than going by quick stimuli. Segment Product Positioning Upper class and upper middle class women Xclusive Classic range of fragrance in herbal mix Health and Class Exclusively Teenage upper class and upper middle class Xclusive Style Synthetic perfumes with citrus flavours Style and Confidence Suggesting following the Key Brand method to look at what factors would influence women in the above target segments choose a fragrance in the premium segment. (Brandkeys, 2010) Hence the differentiated products and positioning should be made around the following attributes selected from the above matrix Product Image Scent Ingredients Reactions Classic range of fragrance in herbal mix Classic Sexy Sociable Traditional Floral Spicy Natural Ingredients Fresh Original Sensual Powerful Inspired Strong Hence positioning messages are created around these product attributes for the two product lines. Packaging is also made consistent with these attributes to create that whole product image. Classic product line needs to be packaged in premium glass bottles with a golden plating. Style product line for teenagers will be in colourful glass bottles which are cut on sides to give it a style and powerful cuvy shape.   Creative Campaigns around Positioning Messages One of the problems with fragrance is that the penetration rates are not that high. However, a lot could be done to bring more consumers into the fragrance market. Critics say that marketers focus too much on youth, and that the scents and sometimes racy advertising campaigns aimed at this group have turned off older consumers. Appealing to women in their 30s, 40s and 50s and those who have lost touch with fragrance with an appropriate offer and marketing campaign could bring in much additional revenue. So having nostalgic and retro campaigns would be a good way to target the segment of middle aged upper class and upper middle class women. Celebrities can be actresses like Elizabeth Taylor and Julia Andrews. They can promote the Xclusive Classic brand around creating images of classic and vintage stuff never ceases or use everlasting films like Lawrence of Arabia. Moving away from contemprory stars to more stars from the classical age would be good to convince and influence changing UK consumers especially among the aged upper class segments. (The Freelibrary, 2007) Avertisement targeted at adult women Use of gold plated bottle cover and golden color font in a classic written style Xclusive *Julie Andres, an actress from yester years still a living legend to be a brand ambassador of the Classic product line Similarly for the teenage segment, celebrities from field like politics, business, sports could be chosen who can give an image of style and confidence. A study conducted among young UK women chose a set of role models like Margaret Thatcher, Marilyn Monroe, Kylie Minogue, Jamie Ogata (Confident Japanese UN official). (Cranfield University, 2009) We can probably use them as celebrities to push our style and confidence image in the mind of teenagers. Unlike adults, teenagers are more image shoppers. They can be triggered for an instant purchase by a sudden stimuli. (Telegraph, 2008) Advertisement targeting teenagers: Bold confident young women, curvy bottle shape with bold red font usage Xclusive Re-inventing Shopping Experience Shopping for fragrances needs to be made easier, and stores better adapted to how consumers browse and buy. Research by Paris-based JMG Research shows that the consumer is looking for new retail formats. She is looking for a new experience and is very reactive to new propositions. When something is out of the ordinary she will buy, says JMG Research managing director Jà ©rà ´me Goldberg. New retail store formats have to be tried out like eliminating counters in department stores, merchandising by fragrance family or creating areas for replenishment for the consumer who is only looking for that service. In a recent survey, majority of those questioned did want to see fragrances organized by brand, but 40% also said that they would like to see fragrances organized by the way they smell. Many UK women middle aged consumers now go in for a fragrance collection. This basically tends them to be more brand loyal. Fragrance is emotional and the industry needs to pay more attention to this rather talking about technical information. There needs to be beauty assistants who are helpful and knowledgeable and not just push the latest launch, says John Ayres, director of UK-based fragrance consultancy Pandora. Sales people should be doing a lot more educational selling rather than aggressive as consumers have more options to choose from. (Articles base, 2007) Leaflets in boxes should also contain information for the consumer on the fragrance, on how to wear and tips on fragrance layering and its ingredients. This is standard for many prestige skincare brands. Also samples can be used to explain fragrance notes. http://www.bglam.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/discount-3.JPG (Sample online perfume catalogue) Another trend is the moving away from class to mass channels for purchase. UK consumers now prefer Tesco to specialised classes like department stores.

The Black Cat - Abnormal Madness :: Poe The Black Cat Essays

The   Black Cat - Abnormal Madness It seems that almost every Edgar Allen Poe story ever written has a much deeper and darker meaning hidden inside its lines. Many of these pieces are demented enough even if the reader does not read "between the lines." "The Black Cat" is an example of this kind of story. In this morbid look into the narrator's mind, the reader follows the narrator as he does many disturbing things in his household. This story, like many of Poe's other pieces, is a venture into abnormal psychology where the narrator is completely insane, not only because of the horrible things he does to his cat and his wife, but   because of his state of mind that he shows the reader throughout the story. At the beginning of the story, the narrator makes the writing out to be "plainly, succinctly, and without comment, a series of mere household events"   (p. 1495). As the story progresses, the reader finds out that this is > clearly not at all the case. The events within the text of this account are unmistakably the ramblings of a madman who cannot seem to control his actions and keeps drifting deeper and deeper into insanity. In the first paragraph of the story, the narrator begins to defend himself by saying that he is not mad. This definitely seems like he is trying to reassure himself more than the reader of his state of mind. This seems to be Poe's way of gradually   easing into showing the reader that this story is, in fact, an exploration   into the abnormal psychology of the human mind. The narrator says that from his childhood, he has been considered a very   docile person. He also mentions in the first part of the story that his "My tenderness of heart was even so conspicuous as to make me the jest of my   companions" (p. 1495). At the point in the story when he says all this, it seems fairly feasible. However, as the reader goes on to read, the rest of the story, they find out that this is not the narrator's present demeanor in the least. Just from seeing what is obvious about the narrator and not even reading deeper into his mindset, the reader can gather that the man is   probably not a reliable source for correct information.

Oneills Debate On Education :: essays research papers

O'Neill's Debate on Education Students are not getting the Basic Knowledge needed today due to the poor upbringing and lack of respect for the need of education. In O'Neills editorial his reason for this was because the students as a whole did not want their ignorance exposed. However, he forgot to include that teachers are just as ignorant as the student. Give a teacher the same test and see hoe much they remember about what they we taught some odd number of years ago. It's not safe to assume that because a person can't remember who the 31st president was, that they don't have the basics of gobble history . How many teachers know the basics, if asked on the spot. Lets Examine another quote from O'Neill's editorial in his opine Charie Chaplin a classic movie star, and that because when asked about him no one know who he was, Well , if the students didn't watch old TV shows on the late night TV channels then how would they know of Charlie? They don't cover a class in classic television. There fore that question would be unfair to pit on the test. O'Neill's just assume that everyone is raised in the same back ground as him. Charles Darwin did not create gravity but he did believe in evolution. The concept that we were originated from organs to monkeys then humans. In church we stray away from that kind of talk "that is the devil trying to score your mind" that's what they would say. O'Neill says "I broke the rules of this time-honored gam when I presented my English-composition students with an 86 question test the first day of class." Know that all students think of doing the first day of class. Concentrating on a 86 question test is a common students retinal. The student always for every question read it through out and back and forward. O'Neill told the students that the students that it wouldn't be graded. Any time you tell students that, automatically that means just fill it out. As long as it get done. You can't go by a test like that for the simple fact that there is know evidence each and every one gave it a true try. Sure they finished the test but did they even read it. When students in the hall where stopped and asked to fill out the questions stated on the handout the results where the same. Charles Darwin invented electricity. Christ was born around Elvis's birthday. The geographical part of the test was outstandingly wrong.

The Labyrinth of Life in The Garden of Forking Paths by Yu Tsun Essay

The Labyrinth of Life in The Garden of Forking Paths by Yu Tsun A labyrinth is classically a human construction designed to confuse. It can trap our lives, hiding our past and future and constantly forcing us to make choices, even though we may not know what the consequences of those choices might be. The confusion of the puzzle may even tempt us to run blindly through the labyrinth, ending in disaster. Life itself is often considered such a labyrinth, and by adopting the strategies of travelers who came before and choosing our path cautiously while playing close attention to the patterns of our lives, we may find the right path through the maze. Although the Labyrinth appears to be an intellectual challenge, every turn is accompanied by an ethical dilemma as well. 'The Garden of Forking Paths' is both an ethical and intellectual riddle. Consideration of Yu Tsun's intellectual choices must be accompanied by consideration of his ethical choices. The most terrifying aspect of the garden of forking paths is that the ending of the maze is never in sight. Often, we are aware of only the obvious consequences of taking any particular turn, while the obscure consequences are rarely anticipated. As a result, we cannot be sure where the next turn will bring us until we have made the choice. An action of tremendous personal significance, such as Stephen Albert's murder, may have no greater consequences than a winning a battle in a war that the German's could possibly end up losing. Ts'ui PÃ ªn himself was murdered by a stranger before he had a chance to explain the nature of his labyrinth, while the current war was started by another homicidal stranger. The choices made by these men within their labyrinths have brought Yu Tsun to Stephen Albert's home, to become the stranger who will kill Albert. The action of the story seems inevitable, yet such inevitability is a deception. The path we have chosen may appear to be the only path tha t can be taken, but in reality, the possibilities are far more complex, as Albert explains that Ts'ui PÃ ªn ?did not believe in a uniform, absolute time. He believed in an infinite series of times, in a growing, dizzying net of divergent, convergent, and parallel times . . .[where] time forks perpetually toward innumerable futures?(579). If we could see consequences of each decision we made before forced to make the decision, taking... ...ze. Furthermore, avoiding one hazard may cause us to fall subject to another. The labyrinth is infinite in size, and we are only aware of a very minute fraction, but contemplating too much on the unlived possibilities can cause us to be unaware of the present. However, to completely ignore these possibilities, and to ?imagine a future as irrecoverable as the past? (575) will leave us just as lost and trapped. Every decision we make within our garden of forking paths opens up another set of possibilities, possibly leading us into another labyrinth. If we allow our ethical sense to become clouded, we may even find ourselves in a labyrinth of our own making, a maze where the compass points are lost and every decision only serves to trap us more securely. There will always be choices never made, turns never taken, discoveries lost forever to the twists and turns of fate. We will never discover the innumerable fates of our counterparts in Ts'ui PÃ ªn's endless series of possibilities. Works Cited Borges, Jorge Luis. ?The Garden of Forking Paths.? The Norton Introduction to Literature. Ed. J. Paul Hunter, Alison Booth,and Kelly J. Mays. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002.

Gender in the Matrix Essay

The Matrix became one of the most notable films released in 1999 which provided rich visual effects and a thrilling storyline. Most of the scenes from this film play within the context of the future, a visual offering of year 2199 wrapped in virtual reality where machines govern and control human actions. Though the film deals with the relationship between machines and humans, every character in the plot represents an underlying gender-related interaction. Since the film basically revolves on the cyber world in the form of a simulation created by machines, gender specific plots are not explicitly conveyed throughout the whole duration of The Matrix. The following discussion will focus on some of the gender dynamics present within the film. The paper will analyze some parts of the film where norms of gender are either contradicted or affirmed. As previously mentioned, the world in which the main characters believed to be real, is manipulated by intelligent machines. These machines utilized human body heat to convert into energy while they control human behaviors within the matrix. In the general sense machines are considered as a non-living thing created by man and from this perspective, machines do not have a specific gender. In this film they can be considered as androgynous, the Agents who can take any virtual body for their usage is an example on how the machines in this film are androgynous. Contrary to the real world, these androgynous machines have the power over humans with no concept of male and female. Somehow, it projects a balanced and equal form of gender treatment. First of all, there is no direct interaction between genders since their physical bodies are trapped inside a tank connected to the simulation. Second, all humans are used and contained for a single purpose that no other humans can dominate. Seeing the domination of machines as a projection of gender balance, the concept of the â€Å"ONE† enters the scene. It has been revealed from the start that Neo – the male protagonist of the film – is the savior of the human kind. This can be regarded as an obvious manifestation of upholding patriarchy, since the real world is where men are associated with power. From the world matrix where men and women are controlled, a man is predicted by the Oracle to save the humans from the machine’s imprisonment. Naturally, to the film’s audience, Neo’s success is attributed to the male strength and the power of patriarchy. The female character of Trinity shows her strength which is equal to her male counterparts. However, this strength seems to compliment her appearance which resembles Neo, who has the same shape of face, same sunglasses, and same battle moves. From earlier scenes of the film, Neo mistaken her for a man who cracked a difficult code called IRS d-base (The Matrix 1999), a scene where intelligence are stereotyped among males is reinforced. This film has been said to draw out some of its concept from theological concepts. Neo being the ONE symbolized as the God who is the savior of humankind while Trinity – derived from God’s three dimensional forms – represents Neo not just in physical traits. The kiss she gave to Neo when he died miraculously revived him which can be compared to the Holy Spirit (Diaz-Diocaretz & Herbrechter 200). The issue of gender in The Matrix tackles the usual gender norms of exhibiting male power and dominance. The balance of gender interaction within the simulated environment became the antagonist throughout the film where the characters try to escape. Agent Smith said that the real world is shaped by misery and suffering and the purpose for the creation of the Matrix is to build a perfect world for humans where everyone is treated equally. Ironically, the concept of equality in the film is one thing that needs to be eradicated. Works Cited Diaz-Diocaretz, Myriam. , and Herbrechter, Stefan. The Matrix in Theory. New York: Rodopi, 2006. The Matrix. Dir. Wachowski Brothers. Perf. Keanu Reeves and Laurence Fishburne. Warner Bros. , 1999.

Problem of the Drug Abuse Essay

The difficulty of teenagers medicine pace is non roughlything that has sprung up in late times. It has been one of the unsolved issues since many decades now. And with modernization, the problem seems as if it is never going to leave. thither could be a myriad of causes of this problem, and in that respect are likewise several types of complications associated with it. As you read further, you would realize the potency of the causes of medicine demoralise among teenagers.Causes of Drug Abuse Among Teenagers ethical drug Drug Abuse Among Teenagers This has been found to be one of the some earthy causes of drug addiction, especially in the teens. The term prescription drug drug debase, is plainly demulct as a chink wherein, the confirming medicine is not used in a way the doctor recommends the enduring to. Meaning, the person takes higher doses of the drugs and even if his/her illness is cured. The drugs which are common in this cases imply all types of pain killer s, drugs for anxiety or sleep disorders, and drugs for triggering stimulant activities. It has been found that around teenagers use these prescription drugs with a theme that these are safer than using illicit drugs. absence of Communication One of the potent causes of alcoholic drink and drug pace among teenagers is a blank that creeps in communication, probably from the parents office. around teens whitethorn adopt this notion that their parents faculty not care close(predicate) them abusing the drugs. So this stresses on the importance of communication among parents and children. It is nearly likely that, knowing about the specific dangers and health concerns of drug abuse, would admirer teenagers to avoid the habit. So, work with your kids and look for some real in leapation in the form of statistics and medical explanation about the side effects of drug abuse.Supervision go on this data on drug abuse among teenagers, it comes to parental supervision which can either save teenagers from clearting into the grips of drug abuse or saving them from it. Parents must have got importance to the fact that their children are comfort in their teens. This happens to be an age, where they stay the most vulnerable to attract involved in all the undesirable things in their lives. pretend involved in your kids life and permit them know that you are interested in what they do and when they do. If you are one of those parents who merely let their kids do whatever they please, past you whitethorn be providing your children with a fine luck to get exposed to drugs. It is most likely that your kids might not instruct the fact that you are trying to step in too much in their lives. However, it is also true that, if you do so, your kids would be the ones to convey you later in their lives, when they achieve a matured level of under al-Qaedaing about all the repercussions of drug abuse. So bustt be too mingy about nor too aloof from your kids life. slow Available The fact remains that teenagers get to learn most of the things from their parents. As a parent, if you are throwing a party where alcohol is served, then your kids would take it as a clear cue or message, that you have no objection to drinking alcohol. This is where, you stand to be the main offender for supporting(a) your kids to get vulnerable for drug abuse. Also, most parents unknowingly let their kids have regain to alcohol, cigarettes, and even prescription medications, when they are not at home. Even in this way, teenagers may used this carelessness of their parents as an opportunity to at least try using all such stuffs.Stress causation Factors Broken relationships, issues in the family, stress caused referable to peer pressure, studies load, etc., are some of the common factors which trigger stress in teenagers life. These may also be the causes which drive them to reanimate to the use of drugs.So, these were some of the potent causes of drug abuse amo ng teenagers. As far as the treatment is considered, if measures are taken at an early stage, then the condition may be well curbed before it gets worsened any further. Otherwise, drug abuse replenishment is known to be an effective diaphysis for the treatment. And talking about the drug abuse prevention, the most important job lies in the interest of parents. If they can reduce the opportunities their kids get themselves into, then there is no early(a) better way to keep the condition at bay.